Which type of loading describes forces acting along the axis of a screw or bolt?

Axial loading refers to forces that are applied directly along the axis of a screw or bolt, essentially causing compression or tension. When a load acts in this manner, it results in either stretching or shortening of the fastener along its length, which is critical for the integrity and stability of the assembly it is securing. Understanding axial loading is important in mechanical design because it affects how the materials behave under stress and can influence factors such as fatigue life and failure modes. This concept is fundamental for ensuring that fasteners are appropriately selected and installed to handle the expected loads in a given application.